High Desert (Oregon)

The Oregon High Desert is a region of the U.S. state of Oregon, located east of the Cascade Range and south of the Blue Mountains, in the central and eastern parts of the state. Divided into a southern region and a northern region, the desert covers most of five Oregon counties and averages 4,000 feet (1,200 m) above sea level. The southern region is part of the Great Basin. The northern region is part of the Columbia Plateau, where somewhat more rainfall allows the largest industry on private land to be the cultivation of alfalfa and hay. Public land within the region is owned primarily by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), which manages more than 30,000 square miles (78,000 km²), including five rivers designated as Wild and Scenic.

While the High Desert is somewhat dry, it is only arid relative to Western Oregon. The region averages 15 inches (380 mm) of annual rainfall; the Alvord Desert, however, gets only 7 inches (180 mm) of rain each year. Contrary to its name, most of the High Desert is not dry enough to truly qualify as desert, and biologically, most of the region is classified as scrubland or steppe.

At an elevation of 9,733 feet (2,967 m), the summit of Steens Mountain is the highest point in the High Desert. This fault-block mountain was created along with the plate tectonics that formed the rest of the region. About 16 million years ago, during the early Miocene epoch, lava flows from volcanic eruptions covered about half the surface area of Oregon. The Earth's crust then began stretching, giving way to further volcanic activity from 15 million to 2 million years ago. Several ice ages over this time formed the large lakes in the High Desert.

The climate of the High Desert provides habitat for mammals such as pronghorn, coyote, mule deer, black-tailed jackrabbit, and cougar. Birds common in the region include Sage Grouse, California Quail, and Prairie Falcon. The Western juniper is the most common tree in the region, and big sagebrush and Common Woolly Sunflower are the region's most widespread plants.

Geography

The High Desert of Oregon is located in the central and southeastern part of the state. It covers approximately 24,000 square miles (62,000 km²), extending approximately 200 miles (320 km) from central Oregon east to the Idaho border and 130 miles (210 km) from central Oregon to the Nevada border to the south.^[1] Most of the region is located in Crook, Deschutes, Harney, Lake, and Malheur counties.^[1][2][3]

The High Desert gets its name from its generally high elevation, averaging about 4,000 feet (1,200 m) across the region.^[4] It is bordered by the eastern foothills of the Cascade Mountains to the west. The Blue Mountains are the geographical boundary to the north, marking the northern end of the High Desert's semi-arid plateau. The southern High Desert is part of North America's Basin and Range Province, which extends south through Nevada and Arizona, into Mexico. It contains large alkali lakes and tall cliffs, some with a prominence of more than 2,000 feet (610 m). Steens Mountain, in Harney County, is the highest point within the region; its summit is 9,733 feet (2,967 m) above sea level.^{[2][5][6][7][8]} To the east, the High Desert country of the Columbia Plateau extends across the Snake River and into Idaho.^[7]

A number of rivers flow through the High Desert region. These include the Deschutes River and its tributary the Crooked River, as well as the Malheur, Owyhee, and John Day rivers, which are all within the Columbia River watershed. Smaller rivers in the High Desert flow into closed basins. The Chewaucan River, the Donner und Blitzen River, and the Silvies River each flow into some of the High Desert's salt lakes.^{[1][9][10][11]}

Geology

Between 17 and 15 million years ago, magma from deep beneath eastern Oregon rose to the Earth's surface, causing a period of significant volcanic activity. A series of lava floods erupted from fissures near the Oregon-Idaho-Washington border. The resulting lava flows traveled up to 400 miles (640 km) from their source. Some individual flows covered as much as 10,000 square miles (26,000 km²) to a depth of 100 feet (30 m). Eventually, these lava flows covered half the state of Oregon, creating a formation known as the Columbia River Basalt Group, the geologic foundation beneath much of the High Desert.^[12]

After the original eruptions subsided, the Earth's crust began to stretch and crack. Between 15 and 2 million years ago, this created hundreds of new volcanoes that added additional layers of lava on top of the Columbia River Basalt. These new flows blanketed the southeastern third of the state. Many of the volcanoes and smaller cinder cones from this period still exist in eastern Oregon. Afterwards, subsequent rifting produced large fault-block mountains throughout the region. The escarpment-type mountains and high-elevation valleys created by these faults produced the basin and range landscape that makes up much of Oregon's High Desert country.^[13][14]

During the last two million years, a series of ice ages altered the landscape. As each ice sheet melted, runoff and increased rainfall filled many of the region's closed basins, forming large pluvial lakes. The Goose Lake, Harney, and Klamath basins were filled along with many other smaller basins. Some of the lakes covered as much as 1,000 square miles (2,600 km²). However, as the climate became drier, these large lakes shrank away. Goose Lake, Harney Lake, Malheur Lake, Summer Lake, Lake Abert, and the Warner Lakes are remnants of ancient pluvial lakes.^[8]

Climate

Annual precipitation throughout Oregon's High Desert region is relatively low, averaging less than 15 inches (380 mm) per year in most areas. Bend, the region's largest city, only receives 12 inches (300 mm) of precipitation per year. Burns receives about 11 inches (280 mm) of precipitation annually, while Rome, in central Malheur County, and the official weather station at Whitehorse Ranch in southern Harney County receive only 8 inches (200 mm) in an average year. Some of the mountainous areas, however, receive significantly more precipitation in the form of snow. For example, the high-elevation city of Lakeview has an average annual snowfall of nearly 68 inches (1,700 mm).^[15][16][17]

The majority of High Desert areas receive most precipitation in the winter months, decreasing steadily through late summer into the fall. Some areas in the eastern and southern parts of the region receive peak precipitation in the late spring and early summer. For example, at Hart Mountain in Lake County, the wettest time of the year is March through June. The driest months throughout Oregon's High Desert are July through September; however, there are still isolated thunderstorms during that period.^[15][16]

History

Native peoples and white settlement

The indigenous people of the High Desert region were the Northern Paiute people. These Native Americans were semi-nomadic hunter-gatherers who relied on nuts, roots, seeds, berries, and eggs, and animals such as deer, pronghorn, geese, quail, rabbits, and bear,^[19][20][21] following their food to high and low elevations depending on the time of year.^[20] They made sandals, traps, and fishing nets, and wove baskets. Made out of sagebrush, willow, tule plant, Indian hemp, and sumac fibers, the baskets were tight enough to carry water. Archaeological evidence from near Fort Rock shows that people wove baskets in the area at least 9,000 years ago.^[22][23]

Throughout the 18th century and into the early 19th century, the Northern Paiute had numerous conflicts with tribes who lived to the northwest. The Wasco-Wishram and other Chinook tribes oftentimes encroached on the High Desert landscape of the Northern Paiute territory. After one such incident in 1811, the Northern Paiute migrated north to the Columbia River and attacked Wasco canoes. Around this time, the Northern Paiute numbered approximately 7,500.^[24][25] The Snake War, a war between the natives and white settlers in the region in the 1860s, killed roughly two thirds of the population of the Northern Paiute. The whites won the war and then set aside the Malheur Reservation for the Northern Paiute and various other Oregon Native American tribes.^[25]

White settlers who had traveled to Oregon along the Oregon Trail began to live in the High Desert region in the 1850s and the 1860s, after they had begun farming and logging in the Willamette Valley and other lands in western Oregon. Thousands of these emigrants reached the area from the west, crossing the Cascade Range to make land claims in eastern Oregon.^[26] The High Desert area was settled by whites later than western Oregon in part because of Elijah White's failure to find a pass east through the Cascades.^[27] Once they had claimed more land, pioneers and members of the American government negotiated treaties with natives in the High Desert and elsewhere in Oregon, oftentimes forcing them off their native lands and on to reservations.^[28]

In 1866, American soldiers established Camp Warner, a military camp near the Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge in Lake County. They were sent from Boise, Idaho, to build a military camp in the High Desert, and built it east of the Warner Lakes, because they doubted that they could cross the series of wetlands. Maj. Gen. George Crook disapproved of the soldiers' decision. He built a road across the lakes and moved the camp to the western side of them.^[29]

Of the four major cities in the High Desert, Prineville was established earliest. Its post office originally opened under the name, "Prine", in 1871. It was named for Barney Prine, a whisky and metal merchant in the area.^[30] Lakeview's post office was then established in 1876. At that time, Goose Lake was larger, and it was visible from the post office.^[31] The Burns post office opened in 1884 and the city was established in 1891. It was named for the Scottish poet Robert Burns.^[32] Bend's name came from the location, "Farewell Bend," where pioneers traveling through the area got their last view of the Deschutes River. The Bend post office was established in 1904.^[33]

In 1878, the Bannock people and northern Shoshone tribes participated in the Bannock War, a war against white settlers in the region over the destruction of camas root – a main source of food for the natives – by white settlers' hogs. The Bannock and the Northern Paiute suffered from this violence. When the white settlers won the war, natives were allotted into various reservations. The Northern Paiute were sent to the Yakama Indian Reservation, and in later years were spread among several reservations in the western United States.^[34][35]

White settlers created the 13,736-acre (5,559 ha) Burns Paiute Reservation, just north of Burns, in 1897.^[23][36] The reservation was established in 1972. It is home to the descendants of the Wada Tika band of Northern Paiutes. As of 1992, it had 356 members.^[23][37][38] As of 1980, there were 57 descendants of the Northern Paiute tribe living outside of the reservation.^[39]

Place names

In the 19th century, Oregon's High Desert area was called the Great Sandy Desert (a misnomer, as there is very little sand in the region), the Rolling Sage Plain, and the Artemisia Desert. Over the years, the region has also been known as Oregon's Empty Quarter, the Great Wide Open, and Oregon's Cowboy Country. Today, many local residents call it the Oregon Outback. However, the old names are occasionally still used. A 1996 National Geographic magazine "Map of the United States Physical Landscape" used the pioneer name, Great Sandy Desert, to identify the southeastern quarter of Oregon. However, the region is most commonly known as Oregon's "High Desert".^[2][40]

Flora and fauna

The Oregon Badlands Wilderness, 15 miles (24 km) east of Bend, has vegetation typical of the High Desert region. The native plants are adapted to survive on less than 12 inches (300 mm) of rain per year. The area is dominated by big sagebrush and rabbitbrush along with hardy grasses like Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, and bunchgrass. In the spring, there are native wildflowers such as Yellow Oregon sunshine, dwarf purple monkeyflower, sulfur buckwheat, Indian paintbrush, and mariposa lilies. Other High Desert wildflowers common throughout the region include buttercups, larkspur, phlox, primroses, and coral mallow. The Oregon Badlands Wilderness also contains the oldest known tree in Oregon, a Western juniper estimated to be more than 1,600 years old.^[43][44]

Hundreds of animal species are found in Oregon's High Desert environment. In the Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge alone, there are over 300, including 239 bird species and 42 mammals.^[45][46] Throughout the High Desert region, Mule deer, pronghorn, coyotes, badgers, and Black-tailed Jackrabbits are common. Elk, bighorn sheep, cougar, bobcat, gray fox, red fox, porcupine, and beaver are also found in some parts of the High Desert.^[3][47]

Smaller mammals native to the area include Long-tailed Weasels, woodchucks, cottontail rabbits, pygmy rabbits, Golden-mantled ground squirrels, antelope squirrels, Townsend's ground squirrels, Yellow-pine Chipmunks, Ord's Kangaroo Rats, and Northern Pocket Gophers. Mice species include Great Basin Pocket Mouse, northern grasshopper mouse, western harvest mouse, deer mouse, meadow mouse, and Creeping Vole. There are also numerous bat species that live in Oregon's High Desert country.^[48][49]

Common High Desert birds include Sage Grouse, quail, chukar, and Sage Thrasher. Near High Desert lakes and in riparian areas, there are Dusky Flycatchers, Yellow Warblers, Orange-crowned Warblers, House Wrens, Spotted Towhees, Brewer's Blackbirds, Western Meadowlarks, swallows, and nighthawks. Mountain Chickadees, Cassin's Finches, Black-headed Grosbeaks, Green-tailed Towhees, Yellow-rumped Warblers, MacGillivray's Warblers, Mountain Bluebirds, Common Ravens, Northern Flickers, and White-headed Woodpeckers are common in parts of the region. Birds of prey include owls, hawks, Prairie Falcons, Golden Eagles, and Bald Eagles.^[50][51][52]

Land use

The largest landowner in eastern Oregon is the U.S. government. The Bureau of Land Management administers over 13,600,000 acres (55,000 km²) in the bureau's Burns, Lakeview, Prineville, and Vale districts, most of which are in the state's High Desert country.^[53] In addition, Congress has designated specific sections of the Crooked, Deschutes, Donner und Blitzen, Malheur, and Owyhee rivers as part of the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System.^[54]

Agriculture is the largest industry in the region. Livestock ranches utilize large tracts of private and government land for grazing. Ranchers raise cattle and sheep in many parts of the region. Because of low rainfall, most crops require irrigation. Agricultural crops include alfalfa and other hay crops, wheat, oats, barley, potatoes, onions, sugar beets, and mint.^[16][55]

See also

• Northern Basin and Range (ecoregion)

References

Works cited

• — "Lost Forest Research Natural Area" (PDF). U.S. Forest Service. http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/publications/pnw_1972_franklin001/Supplements/FRNA_Supp.No.3_LostForest_LF_1_17.pdf. Retrieved November 16, 2011. 
• — "Oregon: A Geologic History". Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries. http://www.oregongeology.org/sub/publications/IMS/ims-028/. Retrieved November 14, 2011. 
• Bancroft, Hubert H.; Victor, Frances F. (1886). History of Oregon. The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft. 1. San Francisco, California: The History Company. ISBN 0665141807. OCLC 9475552. 
• Brogan, Phil F. (1964). East of the Cascades. Portland, Oregon: Binfords and Mort. OCLC 2018809. 
• Engeman, Richard H. (2009). The Oregon Companion. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN 9780881928990. OCLC 236142647. 
• Gall, Timothy L. (2009). Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life: Americas (2nd ed.). Detroit, Michigan: Gale. ISBN 1414448902. OCLC 624435966. 
• Jackman, E.R.; Long, R.A. (1964). The Oregon Desert. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Press. ISBN 9780870044342. OCLC 1353110. 
• Kessel, William B.; Wooster, Robert (2005). Encyclopedia of Native American Wars and Warfare. New York, New York: Facts on File. ISBN 0816033374. OCLC 44509237. 
• McArthur, Lewis A.; McArthur, Lewis L. (2003) [First published 1928]. Oregon Geographic Names (7th ed.). Portland, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society Press. ISBN 9780875952772. OCLC 53075956. 
• Pritzker, Barry M. (2000). A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195138771. OCLC 42683042. 
• Rakestraw, John (2007). Birding Oregon. Guilford, Connecticut: Falcon. ISBN 9780762739134. OCLC 65165451. 
• Ruby, Robert H.; Brown, John A. (1992). A Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest (Revised ed.). Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0806124792. OCLC 463986877. 
• Snipp, C. Matthew (1989). American Indians: The First of This Land. New York, New York: Russell Sage Foundation. ISBN 9780871548221. OCLC 19670797. 
• Souchie, Minerva T. (1991). "The End of a Way of Life: The Burns Paiute Indian Tribe". The First Oregonians. Portland, Oregon: Oregon Council for the Humanities. ISBN 1880377004. OCLC 28377310. 

External links

• High Desert Museum
• Oregon Public Broadcasting program on Reub Long's Oregon Desert
• Oregon Public Broadcasting program on Abert Lake
• Oregon Public Broadcasting program on Desert Plants